Skip to content
🇮🇹 Italy
- Basis: Jure sanguinis (by blood).
- Recent change (2025): Limited to cases where a parent or grandparent was born in Italy (or parent had 2+ years residence). Great-grandparent claims no longer qualify unless filed before March 2025.
- Dual citizenship: Allowed.
🇮🇪 Ireland
- Basis: Parent or grandparent born in Ireland.
- Process: Register on the Foreign Births Register (FBR) if your claim is through a grandparent.
- Dual citizenship: Allowed.
🇵🇱 Poland
- Basis: Descent from a Polish citizen (law recognizes continuity through multiple generations if citizenship wasn’t lost).
- Dual citizenship: Permitted.
🇭🇺 Hungary
- Basis: If you can prove Hungarian ancestry (and speak some Hungarian), you may qualify.
- Dual citizenship: Allowed.
🇩🇪 Germany
- Basis: Automatic if at least one parent was German.
- Reforms (2021–2024): Corrected historic gender discrimination; now allows multiple citizenships.
- Dual citizenship: Allowed since June 2024.
🇬🇷 Greece
- Basis: Born to a Greek parent. Grandparent path possible once the parent’s citizenship is recognized.
- Dual citizenship: Allowed.
🇵🇹 Portugal
- Basis: Parent/grandparent Portuguese. Also special rights for descendants of Sephardic Jews (though tightened in 2022–23).
- Dual citizenship: Allowed.
🇪🇸 Spain
- Basis: Parent Spanish at birth. Some special “historical memory” laws grant rights to grandchildren (e.g., of exiles).
- Dual citizenship: Spain usually restricts dual nationality, but exceptions exist with Latin America, Portugal, Andorra, Philippines, and Sephardic/Jewish ancestry claims.
🇫🇷 France
- Basis: Jus sanguinis only through a French parent. No grandparent path by descent.
- Dual citizenship: Allowed.
🇧🇪 Belgium
- Basis: Child of a Belgian parent is Belgian automatically.
- Dual citizenship: Allowed.
🇳🇱 Netherlands
- Basis: Dutch parent = Dutch child (subject to registration if abroad).
- Dual citizenship: Generally restricted, but exceptions apply if nationality is acquired by birth/descent.
🇸🇪 Sweden, 🇳🇴 Norway, 🇩🇰 Denmark, 🇫🇮 Finland
- Basis: If at least one parent was a citizen.
- Dual citizenship: Allowed (Sweden since 2001, Norway since 2020, Denmark since 2015, Finland since 2003).
🇨🇿 Czechia, 🇸🇰 Slovakia
- Basis: Citizenship by descent from a Czech or Slovak parent.
- Dual citizenship: Allowed in both countries.
🇱🇹 Lithuania, 🇱🇻 Latvia
- Basis: Strict rules but allow citizenship by descent for those with parents/grandparents from these countries (with some limitations tied to WWII/occupation emigration).
- Dual citizenship: Allowed under certain conditions.
🇷🇴 Romania, 🇧🇬 Bulgaria
- Basis: Citizenship through Romanian or Bulgarian ancestry.
- Dual citizenship: Allowed.
